Thomas Jefferson and the Meanings of Liberty free essay sample

Jefferson also believed slavery to be an atrocious blot on the face of America. Their strong opinions of equality resonate in todays world but were not considered the correct morals in their time. 2. A. ) The conspiracy between Jefferson and his affair with Sally Hemming, his slave, first surfaced In a publication written by James Calendar. B. ) The purpose of the publication was to essentially drag Jefferson name through the mud. Written by a vindictive publisher In a time of Increased political slander, It was used against Jefferson In his campaigns. . ) The varying Interpretations Indicate the use of presenting throughout the periods in which the affair has been analyzed. During the civil rights movement. Use of the term blacks to describe the slave population was seen as one of the main points of insensitivity, because African Americans of the time had such little cultural footing in America. After the ass, students began to reflect on Jefferson unwillingness to see integration as an option, because African Americans were still struggling to integrate after the civil rights movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson and the Meanings of Liberty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modern day, the concern lies in Jefferson blatant stereotyping of slaves as lesser and even as musical. These all reflect the current Ideals of the time In which the same story Is being Interpreted. 3. A. ) I do agree with Wilson point of view because Revolution Is relative and Jefferson was the master of revolt In his society. Of course, that Is not excusing Jefferson hypocrisy, but I think It Is better to realize the background before the product. Jefferson owned slaves, but Its Important to know first that he detested he slave trade, and had only grown up knowing nothing but slave-owning. . ) Jefferson didnt necessarily free his slaves for a variety of reasons. He was enormously in debt, and slave labor was obviously cheap. He also owed much of political career to slavery, as slavery helped him rise up in the ranks of government with money. He also could have feared for his slaves, in the almost crueler freed world where ex-slaves were ostracizes in society to the point death and life destruction. C. ) This question is not necessarily presenting because hypocrisy is definitive.Aspects of the question can be construed as presenting though because the disgust at Jefferson owning slaves Is presently as It Imposes modern morals of anta-racism onto an Inherently racist society. 4. A. ) In the Declaration of Independence, liberty means both Individual freedom and universal freedom. On one hand, the Declaration shows liberty as meaning ones own right to pursuit of freedom for the people, and not Just personal and selfish freedom. It can also be seen as the idea of national freedom, where the country itself is free from all tyrannical bonds. The Declaration of Independence most likely wanted to include all of these interpretations; freedom for the individual, freedom for man, and freedom for country. B. ) In the eighteenth century, freedom for the individual was rampant. In the early stages of America, defiant anti-federalists saw liberty as a means for near anarchy. They wanted no restrictive laws so they could make a living and exist contentedly under the veil of selfishness. C. ) Now, the idea of freedom for all of man is much more prevalent. I think this change has occurred as our country has restored.Jefferson did warn against a stagnant government mingled with a progressive population. Social rights movements are more numerous than they had been in the eighteenth century, when personal or party gain was more important than morality. 5. A. ) Revisionism that stresses the faults of great figures can lead to an overwhelming negativity toward some great heroes who ultimately bring lessons of morality to the table. It perpetuates the idea that human beings, even the best of us, are always crawling with gaping character flaws. But, it also helps us humanism hose great figures whose reputations often run away with them. It helps us to remember that political success does not equal morality. B. ) This trend in historical writing alludes to a growing sense of both negativity and revolution in our society. As we begin to reject common figures of greatness and replace them with our own versions, modern-day youth culture is beginning to establish their own identity separate from current systems. This straying from the norm of decided importance implies a lack of trust or satisfaction with current institutions of morality, politics, and society.

AnorexiaBulimia Essay Research Paper I have chosen free essay sample

Anorexia/Bulimia Essay, Research Paper I have chosen the subject of eating upsets amoungst striplings for my reaserch undertaking. By Meriam Webster Medical Dictionary definition, the term eating upset is defined by the followers ; Eating Disorders: Psychological upsets ( anorexia nervosa, binge-eating syndrome ) charachterized by gross perturbations of eating behaviour. Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia Nervosa is a upset which is charachterized by self-starvation. Contrary to popular belief anorectics do eat every twenty-four hours even affecting? out nutrients? such as ice pick, confect, sweets. By and large merely they merely eat little sums of nutrient or severly restrict themselves to the nutrients which are? safe? to eat. A typical day-to-day thermal consumption of 600-800 Calories or less is seen. Excercise is of import to lose weight excessively. Most anorectics dont see how thin they are going. Their deformed organic structure image sees them as deriving weight. Death can happen due to kidney or bosom failure from malnutrition. We will write a custom essay sample on AnorexiaBulimia Essay Research Paper I have chosen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bulimia Peoples with binge-eating syndrome are involved in a binge-purge cyc lupus erythematosus of seeking to command their weight and nutrient consumption. Bulimia is chaachterized by eating big sums of nutrient in a short period of timer, frequently nutrients which are? out? or? bad? . Guilt shortly follows which consequences in an effort to purging the nutrient and Calories from the organic structure. Not all bulimics will purge. Some will utilize laxitives or inordinate excercising. As with anorexia, depression and withdrawl occur and binge-eating syndrome can ensue in deat if untreated. Compulsive Gluttony Many people eat in response to emotional, non physical hungriness. Compusive overeaters frequently feel a nothingness in their lives. This nothingness leaves them to experience empty and in bend they will eat to make full the emptyiness and choose comfort nutrients to make full the hungriness. Compulsive overaters can be at hazard for developing binge-eating syndrome, holding low self-esteem, and deriving extra weight can diminish self=esteem even more. One survey showed that fleshiness in 11 twelvemonth old miss has doubled since 1960 with an addition among striplings. This compulsion with narrow margin is doing girs every bit immature as 9 old ages old to travel on diets.

How To Sell Ebooks With The Use Of A Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-Cheaper.Peptix.com

How To Sell Ebooks With The Use Of A Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-Cheaper.Peptix.comGet the best value from your computer in buying a buy-movie-review--word-essay-sample-cheaper.peatix.com ebook and spend less time on doing nothing but studying your book in college, or just writing it. Write the best paying ebook in your topic and sell it online. Write something you are passionate about, and sell it at a high price.Create an affordable, hard to find resource that is written by a professional for less. That's how you make money with ebooks. Learn to make money with ebooks for students in college, teachers, parents, and for folks who want to create easy to read, entertaining, book reports that are going to be highly valuable. There are so many low cost ways to generate income online, but few ways that are better than the one mentioned in this article. I am the author of the book 'Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-Cheaper.Peptix.com'.This eBook is designed to help college stude nts do essay sample on their word searches. When your student makes a good research, your homework assignment will have a section on how they did it. When you buy the book 'Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-Cheaper.Peptix.com', you get an instructional guide so you can easily teach the principles to your students in an easy-to-use way. This simple, easy to use guide is a highly rated guide, which will keep your students motivated to do better than they ever did before.You can't expect students to learn if they don't write about what they are learning. When you purchase the book 'Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-Cheaper.Peptix.com', you get a great outline of the subject, making it much easier for your students to write your review. It is very easy to put this outline in a Word file, and then to send your students back to your class with a quick note saying they can start writing their movie reviews.Keep in mind, when you write the review, the focus is the students. You want to make it a personal experience for them, not just for you. As long as you are writing with the purpose of getting their feedback, there is no reason why you can't generate more income for yourself as well.Word databases are a very powerful marketing tool. Most people don't realize that you can actually make money with free word search databases. Many of these databases are simply ads that are inserted into your Word file. The money you will earn is the amount that you will save by not having to pay to use a paid database, since they don't have to pay you anything.Word databases come with very basic content, and no support system. You will need to write your own reviews, which is another problem that must be overcome. The solution is to purchase the book 'Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-Cheaper.Peptix.com' and continue to make money with the very same program.

Infection and its prevention Essay Example

Infection and its prevention Essay Infection and its prevention have been a prime concern of mankind for a long time. Infection is a condition that results when a microorganism is able to invade the body, multiply and cause injurious effect or diseases. (McCall Tankersley, 2007:71) Infection control therefore refers to policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and human or animal health care facilities. The purpose of this is to reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases. The aim of this essay is to look at how infection control and the theatre environment impact on a patient undergoing surgery. The first part of the essay looks at infection control in the hospital setting in general; touching on issues such as hospital acquired infection like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium Difficile (CD). Then the essay delves into the design of the surgical theatre and how it impacts on patients; it further talks about surgical etiquette placing much emphasis on hand washing as this is the first defence in preventing transmission of pathogen (Radford et al, 2004). Finally a conclusion is drawn on all the issues raised and their impact on the patient undergoing surgery. We will write a custom essay sample on Infection and its prevention specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Infection and its prevention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Infection and its prevention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the past, surgery would have been performed in a convenient location such as the patients home or a hospital ward with only basic infection control in place (Essex-Lopresti 1999). In Phillips (2004) describes the process for preparing the room as rudimentary, amounting to little more than removing furniture and non essential items and boiling linen, perhaps fumigation if time allows. Today, most surgery takes place in operating theatres that are specially designed for that purpose. There are two types of infection, the endogenous and exogenous infection. Endogenous infection occurs when microorganisms that normally exist harmlessly in one part of an individual to become pathogen, whereas exogenous infection happens when microorganisms from other source or from other person, object, animal or the environment (Woodhead 2005). Infection control refers to policies and procedures used to minimise the risk of spreading infection especially in hospitals. Nosocomial or hospital acquired infection (HAI) occur in approximately 5% of all hospital patients. The longer a patient stays in hospital, the higher the risk of getting HAI and sometimes even leading to death. There are many reasons why patients infected with HAI: Firstly weak immune system which makes them more vulnerable to infection due to patient sickness or treatment. Secondly, infection agent can be introduced to the patient by medical procedures and thirdly, on admission with infectable disease agent, patient can transfer diseases to a patient or patient to staff or visitor (Jones, 2008). HAI has, over the past few years dominated the media with its coverage of the superbugs, in particular MRSA and CD. A HAI or nosocomial is that which is acquired or develops as a result of treatment while the patient hospitalised for more than 48 hours and who did not have signs and symptoms of such infection on admission. Radford et al (2004) cited the research of Emmerson et al (1996) 9% of patients admitted to hospital acquire HAI from surgical wound infection after hospital discharge. MRSA has the ability to resist to one or more conventional antibiotics. Study suggests many people are carriers of MRSA but are colonised in their nose or back of their throats and on their normal flora. Report from BBC news (2005) stated that about 100,000 get infected with MRSA each year when they get admitted into hospital. The only way health care workers can reduce this infection is; a good hand washing between patients, a good standard hygiene in hospital and patients with MRSA treated in a highly isolated as much as possible. The operating theatre is designed in accordance by national and processional guidelines as described by Woodhead et al (2005). Each department is divided into three zones, the outer or dirty zone which is unrestricted area where normal clothing can be worn; it contains the entrance to changing areas and usually has access to remove theatre waste. The clean or semi-restricted zones are the staff changing rooms, anaesthetic and recovery rooms and sterile supplies. Access is restricted and all personnel and patients have to wear theatre attire. There is exception sometimes to patients that need support, such as children, mental ill patients or translators to the anaesthetic room. The sterile or restricted zones include the operating theatre, preparation rooms and the scrub areas. Surgical attire and possible masks will need to be worn at all times (Davey Ince 2004). Sterile areas should avoid overcrowding by theatre staff to reduce the risk of accidental contamination to sterile instruments and layout. To reduce airborne contamination, movement of staff and patient should be kept to a minimum. This helps to reduce airborne bacteria from entering the operating theatre (Woodhead 2005). Ventilation, temperature, humidity and airborne contamination have an important role in the design of a good operating theatre. In order to control the movement of air, the operating department requires specialised ventilation system. Usually the system employed in ventilating modern operating departments are laminar airflow (LAF) technology and positive pressure (PP) systems; these are in theory designed to reduce surgical site infections. The theatre is particularly arranged in a way so that air pressure is filtered moving air from clean to less clean areas and this continues when the theatre room is not in use. This is in place to reduce the airborne contamination, reduce expired anaesthetic gases and to control temperature and humidity, thus reducing and minimising bacterial growth. Adequate ventilation in theatre can be achieved by properly closing theatre doors, windows are well sealed, ceiling solid and the floor impermeable to washable material with no gaps or cracks and cove red joints where it meets the wall. Also shelving should be kept to a minimum (Weaving P, et al 2008). In orthopaedic theatre the air is ultraclean. These system are used when the risk and consequences to developing infection are greater. Ultra clean air, provided by the laminar flow systems, is designed to move particle free air over the aseptic operating field in one direction; it can be in vertically or horizontally sweeping away particle in its path. These canopies have the capacity to provide up to 400 to 500 air change per hour and can reduce the incidents of surgical site infection ,so together with good practice and the use of prophylactic antibiotics, the impact of surgery upon the patient should be favourable (Woodhead et al 2005) . 37à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C and high humidity is the optional where most bacteria reproduce, to keep a theatre room free from bacteria the temperature should be between 20 to 24oc and humidified air levels of 50 to60%, this help to suppress bacteria growth, also help create a good impact upon the surgical patient, as infection rates are considerably lower (Davey and Ince 2004). Infants, children and burnt patient need a warmer temperature to avoid hypothermia, therefore each operating theatre have its own controls for regulating the temperature (Mangum 2001). There are two types of lighting found in theatre, the laminar lighting used to light the operating theatre and auxiliary and the surgical lighting. Both harbour microorganisms on it surfaces due to the movement and activities of staff in the operating theatre (Phillips 2004). This should be clean regularly to reduce the risk of infection. The theatre must be damp dusted before the first case of the day, and it is essential to clean and disinfect all contaminated areas of the theatre at the end of each case (Mangum, 2001) Infection control as defined earlier as policies and procedures use to minimize the risk of spreading infection, staff do not always go by this policies and guidelines. For example policies on air movement in the department, normally doors between the anaesthetic room and theatre are mostly left open by staff therefore affecting the positive pressure from working effectively. Staff need constant trainings and made aware of updated policies. These measures will help to control infection. According to Woodhead et al (2005), 300 million skin squames are shed per day and about 10% of this have microorganisms of which smaller particles stay as airborne for some hours. Some big particles may rest on work surfaces, furniture and equipment. 37% of airborne microbial contamination can be reduced if in every 3 minutes air is changed in the theatre. Different type of waste should be separated and disposed of in the right way. All waste known, or considered to cause disease in humans or other living organisms is considered infectious waste (DH, 2006). In the authors trust yellow is the colour coding for clinical waste which can cause a risk of infection or can be hazardous. Green bags for the linens. All waste bags should not be more than three quarters full (Davey Ince, 2004) and it is the duty of the staff to ensure that and dispose off in the appropriate manner to meet the requirement of the control of substances hazardous to health regulation (COSHH). Maintaining a safe and clean environment is essential for a good impact upon surgical patients, but staff themselves can be a source of microbial contaminated (Green et al, 2003). Staffs are screened by their occupational health department. They are annually screened for such infections as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B.; this screening is mandatory and is design to protect patients from exposure from infected staff. Microorganisms are shed from exposed skin, hair and mucus membranes, so to achieve a sterile field and to reduce infection for both patients and staff; staff need to wear appropriate clothing, prepare patients, use sterile equipment and eliquette during surgery. According to Radford et al (2004), every staff working within the theatre context needs to change into suit and trousers as classed as personal protective equipment (PPE) made from cotton fabric to reduce skin cells to the surroundings. Other PPE such as footwear, mask, eye protection etc. are also worn by staff as an infection control measure during surgery. Hospital Acquired Infections may not be eradicated but many outbreaks can be prevented through effective hand washing. Transient microorganisms are easily removed during hand washing therefore it is one of the most important procedures to prevent the spread of infection (Woodhead Wicker 2005). Hand antisepsis started in the 1860 by Joseph Lister. He realised decay is caused by microorganism and it can be prevented by disinfecting the clinical environment and all equipment with carbolic acid. It also included staff having their hands washed in a solution of 5% carbolic acid before undertaking surgery. Other development on surgical hand antisepsis occurred including scrubbing the hands and arms with a brush where the term scrub comes from. Also introduction of alcohol rubs in the late 1990s which contain antiseptic agent such as chlorehexidine gluconate alcohol solution which when rubbed on the hands does not need rinsing (Tanner 2008). Hand washing takes place before and after patient contact, following removal of protective clothing, immediately following contamination with blood or body fluids and after handling contaminated or potentially contaminated articles (Davey and Ince 2004, p39). This hand washing is a form of standard precautions for all staff to practice since staff cannot tell which patient is contaminated; therefore it is one of the most important procedures to prevent the spread of infection. Healthcare workers handling patient with their catheter, bed linen, wound, disposal of linen and waste come in contact with microorganisms. Also staff or practitioners caring for MRSA patients can have the pathogen on their skin for a few hours, this means it can transfer to another patient or staff easily. During these times, hand washing is vital to help stop the spread of infection. Surgical hand scrubbing gets rid of transient microorganisms which help to minimise the number of resident microorganisms in the recent study of Tanner 2008. Before hand scrub, all jewellery with the exception of single plain band must be removed. False nails and nail polish is not acceptable, since they harbour pathogens as studied by Heddewick et al (2000). Aqueous antiseptic solution such as Chlorhexidine gluconate and providone-iodine are efficient in removing transient organisms and reducing resident organisms to a safe level. Frequent hand wash minimise a low bacterial count under gloves which is accepted by all healthcare workers. To start effective hand scrub, temperature of the water must be checked; also arms and hands must be wet before applying anti-microbial solution. The hands and arms are washed from fingertips to the elbows and hands are held higher than elbows in order to prevent microorganisms dropping back to the fingertips. There is no agreed time for how long a surgical hand wash should last, but between 2 5 minutes have been vouched for by most researchers as enough and effective. Hands should be properly dry. Alcohol based hand rubs are also effective for use between patient contact. When used, the right technique should be employed to ensure it covers the relevant areas and left to dry (Woodhead et al 2005). Sterile gowns are worn after hand scrub to prevent bacteria from scrub staff to the surroundings or operating site, thus reducing surgical side infection (SSI) (Radford et al ,2004). Gloves must be put on using the closed gloving technique, not touched by the staff members bare hands. During orthopaedic operation, double gloving is recommended as any perforations will be highlighted and sterility will not be compromised. Surgical instrument and sterile equipment are prepared in the preparation room just before use, thus minimising the risk of contamination from airborne microbes. Patients are then positioned on to the table before a scrub nurse wheels the trolley into the operating area (Davey and Ince, 2004). A patients skin around the incision site is disinfected to reduce the number of bacteria present so as to reduce the risk of endogenous infections. The most effective antiseptic are those which are alcohol based. This has to be left on the skin to evaporate before draping begins (Weaving et al, 2008). The rationale behind this is to reduce the natural flora from getting into the incision and avoiding the patient contracting SSI. The rest of the patient is covered by draping which comes in disposable or reusable; this is to provide a sterile field in which the operating team can work without risk of contaminating themselves or the instrument. Draping start from the incision site working out towards the peripheries and should not be removed until dressing applied and surgery completed (Radford et al, 2004). Infection can not be totally eliminated and has serious consequences for the patient; however the risk of contracting infection can be reduced by adhering to infection control procedures and policies such as effective hand washing, wearing the appropriate personal protecting equipment. The design of the operating department also plays an important role in the success of controlling infection. Ventilation system needs to be working effectively to achieve its use; temperature and humidity parameters need constant checking. The continuous education of staff about theatre policies and regular update of the policies will go a long way to help reduce infection in theatre.

Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins

Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins In the book entitled "Harlem Renaissance" by Nathan Irvin Huggins a story is told about the time period before World War I and the following years in which a "Black Metropolis" was created unlike the world had ever seen. It was the largest and by far the most important black community in the world. It brought together black intellectuals from all over the world to this new "Black Mecca" with dreams of prosperity and change. Their common goal was the prosperity of the New Negro as Alain Locke called them. This New Negro was one that was cultured, educated, artistic, and would bring prosperity to the African-American. All these were the promises of the Harlem Renaissance. When people saw Harlem, they saw opportunity, they saw a place where they could escape and enjoy artistic freedom. They saw liberation, they saw hope, they saw a place where confidence was in abundance.English: This chart shows three groups of major co...That confidence translated to the belief that reform could be at tained. Sadly, Nathan Irvin Huggins points out that all they were was deceived by their dream. They all saw in Harlem much more than what was really there. A common belief was that they could use their talents as a way of bridging the gap between the races. Unfortunately racism has been so deep rooted in the white American psyche that it would take more than the New Negro proving he had artistic talent to be accepted as one and the same. Huggins also cites that their art was compromised by the fact that it was intended for white patrons and was not a full reflection of them. Another mistake they made was not organizing a grass roots movement. The black political leaders failed to become a unified voting force and were unable to obtain true political...

What does Roy in Normal want from a sex change Assignment

What does Roy in Normal want from a sex change - Assignment Example People with gender identity disorder prefer to dress and live as the members of the opposite sex. Gender identity disorder is a psychological condition that causes many problems. Depression and anxiety are among the most common problems that he has to face. However, these psychological problems can be overcome by taking certain measures that also include some medicines but the social dilemma is the hardest thing the person suffering from gender identity disorder has to face. Everyone expect others to behave and act the way they are physically born. Parents start dictating their children about appropriate behavior from very early ages. As many boys have reported the message from their parents that they do not like them to play with dolls or wear pink dresses. As these individuals grow up, life gets harder and harder where at one side they are fighting with their souls while on the other side they are trying to cope up with the body they are born with. Puberty is the most difficult age in the lifetime for such people as they see gender specific changes in them in the form of facial hair growth, change of voice, development of genitalia and growth of breasts. They hate these changes and reported to be disgusted by hair growth in case of males or breasts development in case of females. It is quite a complicated stage where some are unaware with what is happening to them while others are either not confident enough or ready to take a decision for sex change. Most have been found to snub their inner feelings and try living against their will because of the fear and restrictions of society and moral impacts. Though, this is very distressing and depressing to them and can cause other psychological disorders (Park, and Manzon-Santos). The same situation â€Å"Roy† had to face in the movie â€Å"Normal† who snubbed his individuality in another body for a very long time but finally decides to change it and live the way he feels to. After 25 years of successf ul marriage and fatherhood, Roy found the biggest secret of his life that he was a woman in a man’s body. In a quest of finding his identity and portray what he is in real, he wants to go for a sex change surgery. After announcing the decision of sex transition, Roy faces disgust and intolerance from his family and co-workers. Some understands his transition while others totally abandon it. Roy transition to be a woman is going to affect not only him but also everyone he is related to. Roy goes through an inner war between his social existence and psychological empowerment. He sees a psychologist to identify more about him and try to fight with the situation socially but nothing makes it better. His wife tries her best to bring the man he loved by putting psychological pressure in different ways but nothing works on him. Roy is so desperate with his life that he even tries to attempt a suicide but his wife saves him. His psychological disorder is totally empowering him with d issatisfaction and unhappiness. He feels like he has been snubbing his internal desires and regrets to spend the whole life in a body and appearance that does not belong to him. The final change he brings to his life is dressing in a woman’s dress, wearing high heels and growing long-hair. The change was more a satisfaction to his psychological needs than physical. Roy has not gone through a sex-change surgery yet, however, he feels happiness and pleasure with the

Public relations campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public relations campaign - Essay Example The current topic of the report is well-advertised and publicized Government campaign against smoking. Practically all types of the media were used in this PR campaign (ranging from traditional ones -TV, radio and newspapers) to more modern types- such as Internet. In December 1999 the department of health (NHS) of the United Kingdom has been conducing aggressive PR campaign to induce British population to stop smoking. With the effect to persuade British people to give up smoking by the year 20102. New web site managed by NHS- givingupsmoking.co.uk provides population with essential information on the negative consequences of active and passive smoking. The web site provides statistical data on the number of death caused by the smoking in the United Kingdom and also tries to emphasize positive effects that abandoning of smoking might produce. So how potential smokers are encouraged to abandon their harmful habits In order to stop smoking one should understand the reasons of this habit. On the page "Habit" 3 several reasons and explanations of smoking habits are given (ranging from Pavlovian reaction to Freud's observations). In spite of the fact that some scientific observations are necessary, one should understand that smoking is most widespread among young people aged between 20 and 344 and very technical information on this subject might not reach the targeted audience of potential smokers. In my opinion, more simple and straightforward language should be used in explaining potential harm that smoking might cause and effective methods to fight this harmful habit. I guess that current version is more suitable for educated, experienced, older smokers who have decided to quit smoking and need some additional motivation to do it, rather than for group aged between 20 and 34. Apart from mentioning, the reasons of this harmful habit the site also provides detailed information on physical, social, financial and emotional consequences of the smoking. Well known facts such as that smoking might deprive person of sleeping, increase the risk of fire at the apartments of the smokers and increase financial outlays (this is especially true for the students, ones of the most financially vulnerable group of the population) are mentioned on the web site. The web site even provides its visitors with special calculator so they would be able to calculate the sum they could save if they stopped smoking. It is clear that by putting this advertisement the company is trying to induce the persons to stop smoking as this might save them much money. Apart from factual information that encourages potential smokers to quit smoking the company also provides its customers with some useful tips on how to stop smoking. It also describes some actions that should be taken in order not to smoke. In my opinion the content of the message focuses more on psychological impact rather than physical one. In the article Alternatives to smoking 5 the company encourages those who quit smoking to shift to other tasks, more emphasize should be given to physical difficulties of fulfilling this task. However apart from this the company also advertises the negative consequences of the smoking on TV, for instance in June 2005, it cooperated with Public Health Minster Caroline Flint in well publicized advertisement campaign where the damage that smoking migh